Exogenous

• Alcohol
• Drug therapy:
• Corticosteroids
• Isoretinoin
• Beta-blockers
• Some oral contraceptives
• Select chemotherapeutic agents
• Select antiretroviral agents

Hepatic

• Obstructive liver disease/cholestatic conditions
• Biliary cirrhosis
• Alagille syndrome

Endocrine/Metabolic

• Hypothyroidism/hypopituitarism
• Diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2
• Pregnancy
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Lipodystrophy
• Acute intermittent porphyria

Inflammatory

• Systemic lupus erythematosus
• Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Renal

• Chronic renal disease
• Hemolytic uremic syndrome
• Nephrotic syndrome

Storage

• Glycogen storage disease
• Gaucher’s disease
• Cystine storage disease
• Juvenile Tay-Sachs disease
• Niemann-Pick disease

Infectious

• Acute viral/bacterial infection *
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
• Hepatitis

Other

• Kawasaki disease
• Anorexia nervosa
• Post solid organ transplantation
• Childhood cancer survivor
• Progeria
• Idiopathic hypercalcemia
• Klinefelter syndrome
• Werner’s syndrome

*Delay measurement until >3 weeks postinfection.