Vision and hearing risk assessments or screenings
Risk assessments for vision and hearing are completed at every visit. However, infants exposed to opioids prenatally are at increased risk for vision and hearing concerns. Formal screenings with a standardized tool should be completed as follows:

• A vision screening with a standard tool is recommended at the 3-year visit, but due to potential ophthalmological concerns, such as strabismus and reduced visual acuity, additional formal vision screenings and/or referral to pediatric ophthalmologist may be warranted.
• A hearing screening should be completed in the newborn period and results should be verified and appropriate follow-up recommended within the first 2 months after birth. Refer to a hearing/ENT specialist if warranted.

The vision risk assessment may include questions to the caregiver about concerns for the infant’s eyes or concerns about the infant’s vision. The vision risk assessment may differ based on the patient’s age.

For more information regarding vision assessment, see:

• AAP clinical report, Procedures for Evaluation of the Visual System by Pediatricians
• AAP policy statement, Visual System Assessment in Infants, Children, and young Adults by Pediatricians